# Deprecated features

In general features are intended to be supported indefinitely once introduced into QEMU. In the event that a feature needs to be removed, it will be listed in this section. The feature will remain functional for the release in which it was deprecated and one further release. After these two releases, the feature is liable to be removed. Deprecated features may also generate warnings on the console when QEMU starts up, or if activated via a monitor command, however, this is not a mandatory requirement.

As a special exception to this general timeframe, rather than have an indefinite lifetime, versioned machine types are only intended to be supported for a period of 6 years, equivalent to 18 QEMU releases. All versioned machine types will be automatically marked deprecated after an initial 3 years (9 QEMU releases) has passed, and will then be deleted after a further 3 year period has passed. It is recommended that a deprecated machine type is only used for incoming migrations and restore of saved state, for pre-existing VM deployments. They should be scheduled for updating to a newer machine type during an appropriate service window. Newly deployed VMs should exclusively use a non-deprecated machine type, with use of the most recent version highly recommended. Non-versioned machine types follow the general feature deprecation policy.

Prior to the 2.10.0 release there was no official policy on how long features would be deprecated prior to their removal, nor any documented list of which features were deprecated. Thus any features deprecated prior to 2.10.0 will be treated as if they were first deprecated in the 2.10.0 release.

What follows is a list of all features currently marked as deprecated.

## System emulator command line arguments

### Short-form boolean options (since 6.0)

Boolean options such as `share=on`/`share=off` could be written in short form as `share` and `noshare`. This is now deprecated and will cause a warning.

### `delay` option for socket character devices (since 6.0)

The replacement for the `nodelay` short-form boolean option is `nodelay=on` rather than `delay=off`.

### Plugin argument passing through `arg=<string>` (since 6.1)

Passing TCG plugins arguments through `arg=` is redundant is makes the command-line less readable, especially when the argument itself consist of a name and a value, e.g. `-plugin plugin_name,arg="arg_name=arg_value"`. Therefore, the usage of `arg` is redundant. Single-word arguments are treated as short-form boolean values, and passed to plugins as `arg_name=on`. However, short-form booleans are deprecated and full explicit `arg_name=on` form is preferred.

### `-smp` (Unsupported “parameter=1” SMP configurations) (since 9.0)

Specified CPU topology parameters must be supported by the machine.

In the SMP configuration, users should provide the CPU topology parameters that are supported by the target machine.

However, historically it was allowed for users to specify the unsupported topology parameter as “1”, which is meaningless. So support for this kind of configurations (e.g. -smp drawers=1,books=1,clusters=1 for x86 PC machine) is marked deprecated since 9.0, users have to ensure that all the topology members described with -smp are supported by the target machine.

## `-runas` (since 9.1)

Use `-run-with user=..` instead.

## User-mode emulator command line arguments

### `-p` (since 9.0)

The `-p` option pretends to control the host page size. However, it is not possible to change the host page size, and using the option only causes failures.

## QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands

### `blockdev-open-tray`, `blockdev-close-tray` argument `device` (since 2.8)

Use argument `id` instead.

### `eject` argument `device` (since 2.8)

Use argument `id` instead.

### `blockdev-change-medium` argument `device` (since 2.8)

Use argument `id` instead.

### `block_set_io_throttle` argument `device` (since 2.8)

Use argument `id` instead.

### `blockdev-add` empty string argument `backing` (since 2.10)

Use argument value `null` instead.

### `block-commit` arguments `base` and `top` (since 3.1)

Use arguments `base-node` and `top-node` instead.

### `nbd-server-add` and `nbd-server-remove` (since 5.2)

Use the more generic commands `block-export-add` and `block-export-del` instead. As part of this deprecation, where `nbd-server-add` used a single `bitmap`, the new `block-export-add` uses a list of `bitmaps`.

### `query-qmp-schema` return value member `values` (since 6.2)

Member `values` in return value elements with meta-type `enum` is deprecated. Use `members` instead.

### `drive-backup` (since 6.2)

Use `blockdev-backup` in combination with `blockdev-add` instead. This change primarily separates the creation/opening process of the backup target with explicit, separate steps. `blockdev-backup` uses mostly the same arguments as `drive-backup`, except the `format` and `mode` options are removed in favor of using explicit `blockdev-create` and `blockdev-add` calls. See Live Block Device Operations for details.

### Incorrectly typed `device_add` arguments (since 6.2)

Due to shortcomings in the internal implementation of `device_add`, QEMU incorrectly accepts certain invalid arguments: Any object or list arguments are silently ignored. Other argument types are not checked, but an implicit conversion happens, so that e.g. string values can be assigned to integer device properties or vice versa.

This is a bug in QEMU that will be fixed in the future so that previously accepted incorrect commands will return an error. Users should make sure that all arguments passed to `device_add` are consistent with the documented property types.

## Host Architectures

### BE MIPS (since 7.2)

As Debian 10 (“Buster”) moved into LTS the big endian 32 bit version of MIPS moved out of support making it hard to maintain our cross-compilation CI tests of the architecture. As we no longer have CI coverage support may bitrot away before the deprecation process completes. The little endian variants of MIPS (both 32 and 64 bit) are still a supported host architecture.

### System emulation on 32-bit x86 hosts (since 8.0)

Support for 32-bit x86 host deployments is increasingly uncommon in mainstream OS distributions given the widespread availability of 64-bit x86 hardware. The QEMU project no longer considers 32-bit x86 support for system emulation to be an effective use of its limited resources, and thus intends to discontinue it. Since all recent x86 hardware from the past >10 years is capable of the 64-bit x86 extensions, a corresponding 64-bit OS should be used instead.

## System emulator CPUs

### `power5+` and `power7+` CPU names (since 9.0)

The character “+” in device (and thus also CPU) names is not allowed in the QEMU object model anymore. `power5+`, `power5+_v2.1`, `power7+` and `power7+_v2.1` are currently still supported via an alias, but for consistency these will get removed in a future release, too. Use `power5p_v2.1` and `power7p_v2.1` instead.

### `Sun-UltraSparc-IIIi+` and `Sun-UltraSparc-IV+` CPU names (since 9.1)

The character “+” in device (and thus also CPU) names is not allowed in the QEMU object model anymore. `Sun-UltraSparc-IIIi+` and `Sun-UltraSparc-IV+` are currently still supported via a workaround, but for consistency these will get removed in a future release, too. Use `Sun-UltraSparc-IIIi-plus` and `Sun-UltraSparc-IV-plus` instead.

### CRIS CPU architecture (since 9.0)

The CRIS architecture was pulled from Linux in 4.17 and the compiler is no longer packaged in any distro making it harder to run the `check-tcg` tests. Unless we can improve the testing situation there is a chance the code will bitrot without anyone noticing.

## System emulator machines

### Arm `virt` machine `dtb-kaslr-seed` property (since 7.1)

The `dtb-kaslr-seed` property on the `virt` board has been deprecated; use the new name `dtb-randomness` instead. The new name better reflects the way this property affects all random data within the device tree blob, not just the `kaslr-seed` node.

### `pc-i440fx-2.4` up to `pc-i440fx-2.12` (since 9.1)

These old machine types are quite neglected nowadays and thus might have various pitfalls with regards to live migration. Use a newer machine type instead.

### `shix` (since 9.0)

The machine is no longer in existence and has been long unmaintained in QEMU. This also holds for the TC51828 16MiB flash that it uses.

### `pseries-2.1` up to `pseries-2.12` (since 9.0)

Older pseries machines before version 3.0 have undergone many changes to correct issues, mostly regarding migration compatibility. These are no longer maintained and removing them will make the code easier to read and maintain. Use versions 3.0 and above as a replacement.

### Arm machines `akita`, `borzoi`, `cheetah`, `connex`, `mainstone`, `n800`, `n810`, `spitz`, `terrier`, `tosa`, `verdex`, `z2` (since 9.0)

QEMU includes models of some machine types where the QEMU code that emulates their SoCs is very old and unmaintained. This code is now blocking our ability to move forward with various changes across the codebase, and over many years nobody has been interested in trying to modernise it. We don’t expect any of these machines to have a large number of users, because they’re all modelling hardware that has now passed away into history. We are therefore dropping support for all machine types using the PXA2xx and OMAP2 SoCs. We are also dropping the `cheetah` OMAP1 board, because we don’t have any test images for it and don’t know of anybody who does; the `sx1` and `sx1-v1` OMAP1 machines remain supported for now.

### PPC 405 `ref405ep` machine (since 9.1)

The `ref405ep` machine and PPC 405 CPU have no known users, firmware images are not available, OpenWRT dropped support in 2019, U-Boot in 2017, Linux also is dropping support in 2024. It is time to let go of this ancient hardware and focus on newer CPUs and platforms.

### Arm `tacoma-bmc` machine (since 9.1)

The `tacoma-bmc` machine was a board including an AST2600 SoC based BMC and a witherspoon like OpenPOWER system. It was used for bring up of the AST2600 SoC in labs. It can be easily replaced by the `rainier-bmc` machine which is a real product.

## Backend options

### Using non-persistent backing file with pmem=on (since 6.1)

This option is used when `memory-backend-file` is consumed by emulated NVDIMM device. However enabling `memory-backend-file.pmem` option, when backing file is (a) not DAX capable or (b) not on a filesystem that support direct mapping of persistent memory, is not safe and may lead to data loss or corruption in case of host crash. Options are:

> - modify VM configuration to set `pmem=off` to continue using fake NVDIMM (without persistence guaranties) with backing file on non DAX storage

> - move backing file to NVDIMM storage and keep `pmem=on` (to have NVDIMM with persistence guaranties).

## Device options

### Emulated device options

#### `-device nvme-ns,eui64-default=on|off` (since 7.1)

In QEMU versions 6.1, 6.2 and 7.0, the `nvme-ns` generates an EUI-64 identifier that is not globally unique. If an EUI-64 identifier is required, the user must set it explicitly using the `nvme-ns` device parameter `eui64`.

#### `-device nvme,use-intel-id=on|off` (since 7.1)

The `nvme` device originally used a PCI Vendor/Device Identifier combination from Intel that was not properly allocated. Since version 5.2, the controller has used a properly allocated identifier. Deprecate the `use-intel-id` machine compatibility parameter.

#### `-device cxl-type3,memdev=xxxx` (since 8.0)

The `cxl-type3` device initially only used a single memory backend. With the addition of volatile memory support, it is now necessary to distinguish between persistent and volatile memory backends. As such, memdev is deprecated in favor of persistent-memdev.

#### `-fsdev proxy` and `-virtfs proxy` (since 8.1)

The 9p `proxy` filesystem backend driver has been deprecated and will be removed (along with its proxy helper daemon) in a future version of QEMU. Please use `-fsdev local` or `-virtfs local` for using the 9p `local` filesystem backend, or alternatively consider deploying virtiofsd instead.

The 9p `proxy` backend was originally developed as an alternative to the 9p `local` backend. The idea was to enhance security by dispatching actual low level filesystem operations from 9p server (QEMU process) over to a separate process (the virtfs-proxy-helper binary). However this alternative never gained momentum. The proxy backend is much slower than the local backend, hasn’t seen any development in years, and showed to be less secure, especially due to the fact that its helper daemon must be run as root, whereas with the local backend QEMU is typically run as unprivileged user and allows to tighten behaviour by mapping permissions et al by using its ‘mapped’ security model option.

Nowadays it would make sense to reimplement the `proxy` backend by using QEMU’s `vhost` feature, which would eliminate the high latency costs under which the 9p `proxy` backend currently suffers. However as of to date nobody has indicated plans for such kind of reimplementation unfortunately.

#### RISC-V ‘any’ CPU type `-cpu any` (since 8.2)

The ‘any’ CPU type was introduced back in 2018 and has been around since the initial RISC-V QEMU port. Its usage has always been unclear: users don’t know what to expect from a CPU called ‘any’, and in fact the CPU does not do anything special that isn’t already done by the default CPUs rv32/rv64.

After the introduction of the ‘max’ CPU type, RISC-V now has a good coverage of generic CPUs: rv32 and rv64 as default CPUs and ‘max’ as a feature complete CPU for both 32 and 64 bit builds. Users are then discouraged to use the ‘any’ CPU type starting in 8.2.

#### RISC-V CPU properties which start with capital ‘Z’ (since 8.2)

All RISC-V CPU properties which start with capital ‘Z’ are being deprecated starting in 8.2. The reason is that they were wrongly added with capital ‘Z’ in the past. CPU properties were later added with lower-case names, which is the format we want to use from now on.

Users which try to use these deprecated properties will receive a warning recommending to switch to their stable counterparts:

- “Zifencei” should be replaced with “zifencei”

- “Zicsr” should be replaced with “zicsr”

- “Zihintntl” should be replaced with “zihintntl”

- “Zihintpause” should be replaced with “zihintpause”

- “Zawrs” should be replaced with “zawrs”

- “Zfa” should be replaced with “zfa”

- “Zfh” should be replaced with “zfh”

- “Zfhmin” should be replaced with “zfhmin”

- “Zve32f” should be replaced with “zve32f”

- “Zve64f” should be replaced with “zve64f”

- “Zve64d” should be replaced with “zve64d”

#### `-device sd-card,spec_version=1` (since 9.1)

SD physical layer specification v2.00 supersedes the v1.10 one. v2.00 is the default since QEMU 3.0.0.

### Block device options

#### `"backing": ""` (since 2.12)

In order to prevent QEMU from automatically opening an image’s backing chain, use `"backing": null` instead.

#### `rbd` keyvalue pair encoded filenames: `""` (since 3.1)

Options for `rbd` should be specified according to its runtime options, like other block drivers. Legacy parsing of keyvalue pair encoded filenames is useful to open images with the old format for backing files; These image files should be updated to use the current format.

Example of legacy encoding:

    json:{"file.driver":"rbd", "file.filename":"rbd:rbd/name"}

The above, converted to the current supported format:

    json:{"file.driver":"rbd", "file.pool":"rbd", "file.image":"name"}

#### `iscsi,password=xxx` (since 8.0)

Specifying the iSCSI password in plain text on the command line using the `password` option is insecure. The `password-secret` option should be used instead, to refer to a `--object secret...` instance that provides a password via a file, or encrypted.

### Character device options

#### Backend `memory` (since 9.0)

`memory` is a deprecated synonym for `ringbuf`.

### CPU device properties

#### `pcommit` on x86 (since 9.1)

The PCOMMIT instruction was never included in any physical processor. It was implemented as a no-op instruction in TCG up to QEMU 9.0, but only with `-cpu max` (which does not guarantee migration compatibility across versions).

#### `pmu-num=n` on RISC-V CPUs (since 8.2)

In order to support more flexible counter configurations this has been replaced by a `pmu-mask` property. If set of counters is continuous then the mask can be calculated with `((2 ^ n) - 1) << 3`. The least significant three bits must be left clear.

## Backwards compatibility

### Runnability guarantee of CPU models (since 4.1)

Previous versions of QEMU never changed existing CPU models in ways that introduced additional host software or hardware requirements to the VM. This allowed management software to safely change the machine type of an existing VM without introducing new requirements (“runnability guarantee”). This prevented CPU models from being updated to include CPU vulnerability mitigations, leaving guests vulnerable in the default configuration.

The CPU model runnability guarantee won’t apply anymore to existing CPU models. Management software that needs runnability guarantees must resolve the CPU model aliases using the `alias-of` field returned by the `query-cpu-definitions` QMP command.

While those guarantees are kept, the return value of `query-cpu-definitions` will have existing CPU model aliases point to a version that doesn’t break runnability guarantees (specifically, version 1 of those CPU models). In future QEMU versions, aliases will point to newer CPU model versions depending on the machine type, so management software must resolve CPU model aliases before starting a virtual machine.

### RISC-V “virt” board “riscv,delegate” DT property (since 9.1)

The “riscv,delegate” DT property was added in QEMU 7.0 as part of the AIA APLIC support. The property changed name during the review process in Linux and the correct name ended up being “riscv,delegation”. Changing the DT property name will break all available firmwares that are using the current (wrong) name. The property is kept as is in 9.1, together with “riscv,delegation”, to give more time for firmware developers to change their code.

## Migration

### `fd:` URI when used for file migration (since 9.1)

The `fd:` URI can currently provide a file descriptor that references either a socket or a plain file. These are two different types of migration. In order to reduce ambiguity, the `fd:` URI usage of providing a file descriptor to a plain file has been deprecated in favor of explicitly using the `file:` URI with the file descriptor being passed as an `fdset`. Refer to the `add-fd` command documentation for details on the `fdset` usage.