---
title: "Getting Started With stacks"
output: rmarkdown::html_vignette
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Getting Started With stacks}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r, include = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  comment = "#>"
)
```

In this article, we'll be working through an example of the workflow of model stacking with the stacks package. At a high level, the workflow looks something like this:

1. Define candidate ensemble members using functionality from rsample, parsnip, workflows, recipes, and tune
2. Initialize a `data_stack` object with `stacks()`  
3. Iteratively add candidate ensemble members to the `data_stack` with `add_candidates()`  
4. Evaluate how to combine their predictions with `blend_predictions()`  
5. Fit candidate ensemble members with non-zero stacking coefficients with `fit_members()`  
6. Predict on new data with `predict()`!  

The package is closely integrated with the rest of the functionality in tidymodels—we'll load those packages as well, in addition to some tidyverse packages to evaluate our results later on.

```{r setup, eval = FALSE}
library(tidymodels)
library(stacks)
```

```{r packages, include = FALSE}
library(tune)
library(rsample)
library(parsnip)
library(workflows)
library(recipes)
library(yardstick)
library(stacks)
library(dplyr)
library(purrr)
library(ggplot2)
```

```{r, include = FALSE}
if (rlang::is_installed("ranger") && 
    rlang::is_installed("nnet") &&
    rlang::is_installed("kernlab")) {
  run <- TRUE
} else {
  run <- FALSE
}

knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  eval = run
)
```

In this example, we'll make use of the `tree_frogs` data exported with `stacks`, giving experimental results on hatching behavior of red-eyed tree frog embryos! 

Red-eyed tree frog (RETF) embryos can hatch earlier than their normal 7ish days if they detect potential predator threat. Researchers wanted to determine how, and when, these tree frog embryos were able to detect stimulus from their environment. To do so, they subjected the embryos at varying developmental stages to "predator stimulus" by jiggling the embryos with a blunt probe. Beforehand, though some of the embryos were treated with gentamicin, a compound that knocks out their lateral line (a sensory organ.) Researcher Julie Jung and her crew found that these factors inform whether an embryo hatches prematurely or not!

We'll start out with predicting `latency` (i.e. time to hatch) based on other attributes. We'll need to filter out NAs (i.e. cases where the embryo did not hatch) first.

```{r, message = FALSE, warning = FALSE}
data("tree_frogs")

# subset the data
tree_frogs <- tree_frogs %>%
  filter(!is.na(latency)) %>%
  select(-c(clutch, hatched))
```

Taking a quick look at the data, it seems like the hatch time is pretty closely related to some of our predictors!

```{r, message = FALSE, warning = FALSE, fig.alt = "A ggplot scatterplot with embryo age in seconds on the x axis, time to hatch on the y axis, and points colored by treatment. The ages range from 350,000 to 500,000 seconds, while the times to hatch range from 0 to 450 seconds. There are two treatments—control and gentamicin—and the time to hatch is generally larger for the gentamicin group. The embryo ages are generally distributed in three clouds, where the older embryos tend to hatch more quickly after stimulus than the younger ones."}
theme_set(theme_bw())

ggplot(tree_frogs) +
  aes(x = age, y = latency, color = treatment) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(x = "Embryo Age (s)", y = "Time to Hatch (s)", col = "Treatment")
```
Let's give this a go!

# Define candidate ensemble members

At the highest level, ensembles are formed from _model definitions_. In this package, model definitions are an instance of a minimal [`workflow`](https://workflows.tidymodels.org/), containing a _model specification_ (as defined in the [`parsnip`](https://parsnip.tidymodels.org/) package) and, optionally, a _preprocessor_ (as defined in the [`recipes`](https://recipes.tidymodels.org/) package). Model definitions specify the form of candidate ensemble members. 

```{r, echo = FALSE, fig.alt = "A diagram representing 'model definitions,' which specify the form of candidate ensemble members. Three colored boxes represent three different model types; a K-nearest neighbors model (in salmon), a linear regression model (in yellow), and a support vector machine model (in green)."}
knitr::include_graphics("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidymodels/stacks/main/man/figures/model_defs.png")
```

Defining the constituent model definitions is undoubtedly the longest part of building an ensemble with `stacks`. If you're familiar with tidymodels "proper," you're probably fine to skip this section, keeping a few things in mind:

* You'll need to save the assessment set predictions and workflow utilized in your `tune_grid()`, `tune_bayes()`, or `fit_resamples()` objects by setting the `control` arguments  `save_pred = TRUE` and `save_workflow = TRUE`. Note the use of the `control_stack_*()` convenience functions below!
* Each model definition must share the same rsample `rset` object.

We'll first start out with splitting up the training data, generating resamples, and setting some options that will be used by each model definition.

```{r}
# some setup: resampling and a basic recipe
set.seed(1)
tree_frogs_split <- initial_split(tree_frogs)
tree_frogs_train <- training(tree_frogs_split)
tree_frogs_test  <- testing(tree_frogs_split)

set.seed(1)
folds <- rsample::vfold_cv(tree_frogs_train, v = 5)

tree_frogs_rec <- 
  recipe(latency ~ ., data = tree_frogs_train)

metric <- metric_set(rmse)
```

Tuning and fitting results for use in ensembles need to be fitted with the control arguments `save_pred = TRUE` and `save_workflow = TRUE`—these settings ensure that the assessment set predictions, as well as the workflow used to fit the resamples, are stored in the resulting object. For convenience, stacks supplies some `control_stack_*()` functions to generate the appropriate objects for you. 

In this example, we'll be working with `tune_grid()` and `fit_resamples()` from the tune package, so we will use the following control settings:

```{r}
ctrl_grid <- control_stack_grid()
ctrl_res <- control_stack_resamples()
```

We'll define three different model definitions to try to predict time to hatch—a K-nearest neighbors model (with hyperparameters to tune), a linear model, and a support vector machine model (again, with hyperparameters to tune).

Starting out with K-nearest neighbors, we begin by creating a `parsnip` model specification:

```{r}
# create a model definition
knn_spec <-
  nearest_neighbor(
    mode = "regression", 
    neighbors = tune("k")
  ) %>%
  set_engine("kknn")

knn_spec
```

Note that, since we are tuning over several possible numbers of neighbors, this model specification defines multiple model configurations. The specific form of those configurations will be determined when specifying the grid search in `tune_grid()`.

From here, we extend the basic recipe defined earlier to fully specify the form of the design matrix for use in a K-nearest neighbors model:

```{r}
# extend the recipe
knn_rec <-
  tree_frogs_rec %>%
  step_dummy(all_nominal_predictors()) %>%
  step_zv(all_predictors()) %>%
  step_impute_mean(all_numeric_predictors()) %>%
  step_normalize(all_numeric_predictors())

knn_rec
```

Starting with the basic recipe, we convert categorical variables to dummy variables, remove column with only one observation, impute missing values in numeric variables using the mean, and normalize numeric predictors. Pre-processing instructions for the remaining models are defined similarly.

Now, we combine the model specification and pre-processing instructions defined above to form a `workflow` object:

```{r}
# add both to a workflow
knn_wflow <- 
  workflow() %>% 
  add_model(knn_spec) %>%
  add_recipe(knn_rec)

knn_wflow
```

Finally, we can make use of the workflow, training set resamples, metric set, and control object to tune our hyperparameters. Using the `grid` argument, we specify that we would like to optimize over four possible values of `k` using a grid search.

```{r}
# tune k and fit to the 5-fold cv
set.seed(2020)
knn_res <- 
  tune_grid(
    knn_wflow,
    resamples = folds,
    metrics = metric,
    grid = 4,
    control = ctrl_grid
  )

knn_res
```

This `knn_res` object fully specifies the candidate members, and is ready to be included in a `stacks` workflow. 

Now, specifying the linear model, note that we are not optimizing over any hyperparameters. Thus, we use the `fit_resamples()` function rather than `tune_grid()` or `tune_bayes()` when fitting to our resamples.

```{r}
# create a model definition
lin_reg_spec <-
  linear_reg() %>%
  set_engine("lm")

# extend the recipe
lin_reg_rec <-
  tree_frogs_rec %>%
  step_dummy(all_nominal_predictors()) %>%
  step_zv(all_predictors())

# add both to a workflow
lin_reg_wflow <- 
  workflow() %>%
  add_model(lin_reg_spec) %>%
  add_recipe(lin_reg_rec)

# fit to the 5-fold cv
set.seed(2020)
lin_reg_res <- 
  fit_resamples(
    lin_reg_wflow,
    resamples = folds,
    metrics = metric,
    control = ctrl_res
  )

lin_reg_res
```

Finally, putting together the model definition for the support vector machine:

```{r}
# create a model definition
svm_spec <- 
  svm_rbf(
    cost = tune("cost"), 
    rbf_sigma = tune("sigma")
  ) %>%
  set_engine("kernlab") %>%
  set_mode("regression")

# extend the recipe
svm_rec <-
  tree_frogs_rec %>%
  step_dummy(all_nominal_predictors()) %>%
  step_zv(all_predictors()) %>%
  step_impute_mean(all_numeric_predictors()) %>%
  step_corr(all_predictors()) %>%
  step_normalize(all_numeric_predictors())

# add both to a workflow
svm_wflow <- 
  workflow() %>% 
  add_model(svm_spec) %>%
  add_recipe(svm_rec)

# tune cost and sigma and fit to the 5-fold cv
set.seed(2020)
svm_res <- 
  tune_grid(
    svm_wflow, 
    resamples = folds, 
    grid = 6,
    metrics = metric,
    control = ctrl_grid
  )

svm_res
```

Altogether, we've created three model definitions, where the K-nearest neighbors model definition specifies 4 model configurations, the linear regression specifies 1, and the support vector machine specifies 6.

```{r, echo = FALSE, fig.alt = "A diagram representing 'candidate members' generated from each model definition. Four salmon-colored boxes labeled 'KNN' represent K-nearest neighbors models trained on the resamples with differing hyperparameters. Similarly, the linear regression (LM) model generates one candidate member, and the support vector machine (SVM) model generates six."}
knitr::include_graphics("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidymodels/stacks/main/man/figures/candidates.png")
```

With these three model definitions fully specified, we are ready to begin stacking these model configurations. (Note that, in most applied settings, one would likely specify many more than 11 candidate members.)

# Putting together a stack

The first step to building an ensemble with stacks is to create a `data_stack` object—in this package, data stacks are tibbles (with some extra attributes) that contain the assessment set predictions for each candidate ensemble member.

```{r, echo = FALSE, fig.alt = "A diagram representing a 'data stack,' a specific kind of data frame. Colored 'columns' depict, in white, the true value of the outcome variable in the validation set, followed by four columns (in salmon) representing the predictions from the K-nearest neighbors model, one column (in tan) representing the linear regression model, and six (in green) representing the support vector machine model."}
knitr::include_graphics("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidymodels/stacks/main/man/figures/data_stack.png")
```

We can initialize a data stack using the `stacks()` function.

```{r}
stacks()
```

The `stacks()` function works sort of like the `ggplot()` constructor from ggplot2—the function creates a basic structure that the object will be built on top of—except you'll pipe the outputs rather than adding them with `+`.

The `add_candidates()` function adds ensemble members to the stack.

```{r}
tree_frogs_data_st <- 
  stacks() %>%
  add_candidates(knn_res) %>%
  add_candidates(lin_reg_res) %>%
  add_candidates(svm_res)

tree_frogs_data_st
```

As mentioned before, under the hood, a `data_stack` object is really just a tibble with some extra attributes. Checking out the actual data:

```{r}
as_tibble(tree_frogs_data_st)
```

The first column gives the first response value, and the remaining columns give the assessment set predictions for each ensemble member. Since we're in the regression case, there's only one column per ensemble member. In classification settings, there are as many columns as there are levels of the outcome variable per candidate ensemble member.

That's it! We're now ready to evaluate how it is that we need to combine predictions from each candidate ensemble member.

# Fit the stack

The outputs from each of these candidate ensemble members are highly correlated, so the `blend_predictions()` function performs regularization to figure out how we can combine the outputs from the stack members to come up with a final prediction.

```{r}
tree_frogs_model_st <-
  tree_frogs_data_st %>%
  blend_predictions()
```

The `blend_predictions` function determines how member model output will ultimately be combined in the final prediction by fitting a LASSO model on the data stack, predicting the true assessment set outcome using the predictions from each of the candidate members. Candidates with nonzero stacking coefficients become members. 

```{r, echo = FALSE, fig.alt = "A diagram representing 'stacking coefficients,' the coefficients of the linear model combining each of the candidate member predictions to generate the ensemble's ultimate prediction. Boxes for each of the candidate members are placed besides each other, filled in with color if the coefficient for the associated candidate member is nonzero."}
knitr::include_graphics("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidymodels/stacks/main/man/figures/coefs.png")
```

To make sure that we have the right trade-off between minimizing the number of members and optimizing performance, we can use the `autoplot()` method: 

```{r penalty-plot}
autoplot(tree_frogs_model_st)
```

To show the relationship more directly: 

```{r members-plot, fig.alt = "A ggplot line plot. The x axis shows the degree of penalization, ranging from 1e-06 to 1e-01, and the y axis displays the mean of three different metrics. The plots are faceted by metric type, with three facets: number of members, root mean squared error, and R squared. The plots generally show that, as penalization increases, the error decreases. There are very few proposed members in this example, so penalization doesn't drive down the number of members much at all. In this case, then, a larger penalty is acceptable."}
autoplot(tree_frogs_model_st, type = "members")
```

If these results were not good enough, `blend_predictions()` could be called again with different values of `penalty`. As it is, `blend_predictions()` picks the penalty parameter with the numerically optimal results. To see the top results: 

```{r weight-plot, fig.alt = "A ggplot bar plot, giving the stacking coefficient on the x axis and member on the y axis. There are three members in this ensemble, where a nearest neighbor is weighted most heavily, followed by a linear regression with a stacking coefficient about half as large, followed by a support vector machine with a very small contribution."}
autoplot(tree_frogs_model_st, type = "weights")
```

Now that we know how to combine our model output, we can fit the candidates with non-zero stacking coefficients on the full training set.

```{r}
tree_frogs_model_st <-
  tree_frogs_model_st %>%
  fit_members()
```

```{r, eval = FALSE, include = FALSE}
st_print <- capture.output(print(tree_frogs_model_st))

writeLines(st_print, con = "inst/figs/st_print.txt")
```

```{r, echo = FALSE, fig.alt = "A diagram representing the ensemble members, where each are pentagons labeled and colored-in according to the candidate members they arose from."}
knitr::include_graphics("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidymodels/stacks/main/man/figures/members.png")
```

Model stacks can be thought of as a group of fitted member models and a set of instructions on how to combine their predictions.

```{r, echo = FALSE, fig.alt = "A diagram representing the 'model stack' class, which collates the stacking coefficients and members (candidate members with nonzero stacking coefficients that are trained on the full training set). The representation of the stacking coefficients and members is as before. Model stacks are a list subclass."}
knitr::include_graphics("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tidymodels/stacks/main/man/figures/class_model_stack.png")
```

To identify which model configurations were assigned what stacking coefficients, we can make use of the `collect_parameters()` function:

```{r}
collect_parameters(tree_frogs_model_st, "svm_res")
```

This object is now ready to predict with new data!

```{r}
tree_frogs_test <- 
  tree_frogs_test %>%
  bind_cols(predict(tree_frogs_model_st, .))
```

Juxtaposing the predictions with the true data:

```{r, fig.alt = "A ggplot scatterplot showing observed versus predicted latency values. While there is indeed a positive and roughly linear relationship, there is certainly patterned structure in the residuals."}
ggplot(tree_frogs_test) +
  aes(x = latency, 
      y = .pred) +
  geom_point() + 
  coord_obs_pred()
```

Looks like our predictions were pretty strong! How do the stacks predictions perform, though, as compared to the members' predictions? We can use the `type = "members"` argument to generate predictions from each of the ensemble members.

```{r}
member_preds <- 
  tree_frogs_test %>%
  select(latency) %>%
  bind_cols(predict(tree_frogs_model_st, tree_frogs_test, members = TRUE))
```

Now, evaluating the root mean squared error from each model:

```{r}
map(member_preds, rmse_vec, truth = member_preds$latency) %>%
  as_tibble()
```

As we can see, the stacked ensemble outperforms each of the member models, though is closely followed by one of its members.

Voila! You've now made use of the stacks package to predict red-eyed tree frog embryo hatching using a stacked ensemble! The full visual outline for these steps can be found [here](https://github.com/tidymodels/stacks/blob/main/inst/figs/outline.png).

