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## Issue DECLARE-TYPE-FREE Writeup

    Status:		Proposal LEXICAL passed Jan 89 X3J13
    Forum:         Cleanup
    Issue:         DECLARE-TYPE-FREE
    References:    CLtL p.158
                   DECLARATION-SCOPE
    Related issues: FUNCTION-TYPE-ARGUMENT-TYPE-SEMANTICS
                   DECLARATION-SCOPE
                   SPECIAL-TYPE-SHADOWING
    Category:      CLARIFICATION/ADDITION

    Edit history:  Version 1, 18-Sep-88, Moon
                   Version 2, 22-Sep-88, Moon
                    (small edits to reflect mail discussion)
                   Version 3, 22-Sep-88, Masinter
                   Version 4, 27-Sep-88, JonL
                   Version 5, 30-Sep-88, Masinter (cost to implementors)
                   Version 6, 06-Oct-88, Pitman (minor edits in Discussion)
                   Version 7,  5-Dec-88, Masinter (scope->extent)
                   Version 8,  7-Dec-88, Masinter (back to scope)
                   Version 9,  2-Jan-89, Moon (2 proposals, to clarify discussion)
                   Version 10, 12-Jan-89, Masinter (add back lost v.6 phrase
                                                    re nested declarations)

    Problem description:

      Section 9.2 of CLtL, p158, says that a declaration specifier like
      (TYPE type var1 var2 ...) "... affects only variable bindings".
      Since declarations can occur in contexts other than establishing
      "variable bindings", most people interpret this statement to mean
      that type declarations not in such context are either (1) completely
      to be ignored, or (2) invalid CL  syntax.  Thus both of the following
      forms would be suspect in that the type declarations could not have
      any effect:

        (if (and (typep x 'fixnum) (typep y 'fixnum))
            (locally (declare (fixnum x y))             ;LOCALLY does not bind
              ...algorithm using x and y...)            ; any variables.
            ...similar algorithm using x and y...)

        (let ((y 'foo))
          (setq y 10)
          (let ((x 5))                                  ;'y' is not being bound in
            (declare (fixnum y))                        ; this particular context.
            (incf y)
             ...random algorithm...))

    Proposal (DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:ALLOW):

      Specify that a type declaration does not only "affect variable bindings";
      rather, type declarations are legal in all declarations. The interpretation
      of a type declaration is that, during the execution of any expression
      within the scope of the declaration,  it is an error for the value of
      the declared variable not to be of the declared type. For declarations
      that are associated with variable bindings, the type declaration also
      applies to the initial binding of the variable. In the special case
      of a declaration for which there are no executable expressions
      within the scope of the declaration (e.g., (locally (declare (integer x)))),
      the result is as if there were executable expressions.

      In this proposal, a type declaration affects not only variable
      references within its scope, but also affects variable references that
      are outside the scope of the declaration but dynamically inside the
      execution of a form that is itself inside the scope of the
      declaration.  Such references can exist when the variable is SPECIAL
      or when the declaration is not attached to the variable's binding, so
      that the scope of the declaration does not include the entire scope
      of the variable.

      Clarify that if nested type declarations refer to the same variable,
      then the value of the variable must be a member of the intersection of
      the declared types.

    Proposal (DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:LEXICAL):

      Specify that a type declaration does not only "affect variable bindings";
      rather, type declarations are legal in all declarations. The interpretation
      of a type declaration is that, during the execution of any reference to the
      declared variable within the scope of the declaration, it is an error for
      the value of the declared variable not to be of the declared type; and
      during the execution of any SETQ of the declared variable within the scope
      of the declaration, it is an error for the newly assigned value of the
      declared variable not to be of the declared type; and at the moment the
      scope of the declaration is entered, it is an error for the value of the
      declared variable not to be of the declared type.

      In this proposal, a type declaration affects only variable references within
      its scope, and the meaning of "free" and "variable-binding-associated" type
      declarations can be described identically.

      This proposal is equivalent to saying that the meaning of a type declaration
      is equivalent to changing each reference to <var> within the scope of the
      declaration to (THE <type> <var>), changing each expression assigned to the
      variable within the scope of the declaration to (THE <type> <new-value>),
      and executing (THE <type> <var>) at the moment the scope of the declaration
      is entered.

      Clarify that if nested type declarations refer to the same variable,
      then the value of the variable must be a member of the intersection of
      the declared types.

    Examples:

    ;; this is an error under DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:ALLOW:
    ;; the assertion that x is a fixnum is violated between the two
    ;; calls to (zap)
    ;; this is a valid program under DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:LEXICAL

            (let ((x 12) (y 'foo))
              (flet ((zap () (rotatef x y)))
                (locally (declare (fixnum x))
                  (zap)
                  (zap)
                  x)))

    ;; this is an error under both proposals

            (let ((x 12) (y 'foo))
              (flet ((zap () (rotatef x y)))
                (locally (declare (fixnum x))
                  (zap)
                  (print x)
    	      (zap)
                  x)))

    ;; this is an error under DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:ALLOW, because
    ;; the assertion that x is a fixnum
    ;; is violated during the call to zap, even though few
    ;; implementations will be able to check:
    ;; this is a valid program under DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:LEXICAL

            (let ((x 12) (y 'foo))
              (flet ((zap ()
                       (rotatef x y)
                       (rotatef x y)))
                (locally (declare (fixnum x))
                  (zap)
                  x)))

    ;; this is an error under both proposals, even though the
    ;; violation of the type constraint happens after the form
    ;; with the declaration is exited.

       (let ((f (let ((x 3))
                  (declare (fixnum x))
                  #'(lambda (z) (incf x z)))))
         (funcall f 4.3))

    Rationale:

      This proposal enables optimizing compilers to make use of the otherwise
      ignored type information.  Many people have often asked for it, and
      there is no strong reason to forbid it.

      DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:ALLOW is more restrictive on programs and hence allows
      more freedom for optimizing compilers.  DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:LEXICAL is easier
      to understand but allows a specialized representation only where the scope
      of the variable is the same as the scope of the declaration or the compiler
      can prove that there are no relevant other references to the variable.

    Current practice:

      Lucid Common Lisp allows "free" type declarations;  under some
      circumstances the compiler issues a warning message that such usage
      is an extension to Common Lisp.

    Cost to Implementors:

      Implementations that might currently warn about such declarations
      would have to remove the warning; otherwise, it is valid to ignore
      type declarations.

    Cost to Users:

      None, this is a compatible addition.

    Cost of non-adoption:

      Common Lisp will be less self-consistent.

    Benefits:

      Programmers will be able to use type declaration to express their
      intent, rather than having to manually insert THE wrappers around
      every reference.

    Esthetics:

      It is a simpler interpretation for type declaration specifiers, with
      fewer special cases; hence reduces the number of exceptions in the
      language.

    Discussion:

      Another cleanup issue, DECLARATION-SCOPE, addresses the scope of
      declarations. This proposal carefully uses the phrase "within the
      scope of the declaration" to avoid confounding the two issues.

      This issue has been discussed at the Fort Collins X3J13 meeting in
      November 1987, and at length on the various electronic mailing lists.

      At least one current implementation is able to generate more efficient
      code when declarations are associated with a particular binding, since
      it then has the option to choose type-specific specialized storage for
      the runtime value of the variable.  So, for example,

          (let ((x v)) (declare (type float x)) (+ x x))

      is sometimes more efficient than

          (let ((x v)) (locally (declare (type float x)) (+ x x)))

      However, the local type declarations allowed by this proposal do
      provide some useful information, even if it is not the *most* useful.
      It is possible for a sufficiently "smart" compiler to infer the
      equivalent of a "binding declaration" when it can ascertain that the
      type of the binding value -- 'v' above -- is commensurate with the
      type locally declared over the scope of usage of the variable.

      It may be useful for a compiler to issue a warning whenever it finds
      nested type declarations referring to the same variable and the
      intersection of the declared types is null.

      Documentation might want to discuss the style implications of
      nested declarations intersecting. The interesting cases are:
       - An inner declaration could be a subtype of an outer one.
         This is the most useful case and probably the only one to
         be encouraged in code written by humans. e.g.,
           (locally (declare (type number x))
             (locally (declare (type integer x))
               ...use X as integer...))
       - An outer declaration could be a subtype of an inner one.
         This is useless but harmless. It might happen as the result
         of certain macro situations. e.g.,
           (locally (declare (type integer x))
             (locally (declare (type number x))
               ...use X as integer...))
       - Two types may only partially overlap. This would presumably
         happen only as the result of a macro expansion.
           (locally (declare (type fixnum x))
             (locally (declare (type (or bit package) x))
               ...use X as BIT...))

    *start*
    05268 00024 USm
    GV-Info: X3J13-mailer@SAIL.Stanford.EDU at  7-Apr-89 15:28:47 from AG
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    Date: Fri, 7 Apr 89 17:18 EDT
    From: David A. Moon <Moon@STONY-BROOK.SCRC.Symbolics.COM>
    Subject: Did you blow it?
    To: Guy Steele <gls@Think.COM>, rpg@lucid.com
    cc: x3j13@sail.stanford.edu
    In-Reply-To: <8904071720.AA18178@verdi.think.com>
    Message-ID: <19890407211851.9.MOON@EUPHRATES.SCRC.Symbolics.COM>

        Date: Fri, 7 Apr 89 13:20:57 EDT
        From: Guy Steele <gls@Think.COM>

           Date: Thu, 6 Apr 89 15:19:42 PDT
           From: Richard P. Gabriel <rpg@lucid.com>

           When I read the effect of Issue: DECLARE-TYPE-FREE on page 223, I
           completely flipped. I think you might have gotten it wrong.

    He did.

           You say that in this code:

           (defun f (x)
    	 (declare (type float x))
    	 (let ((x 'a)) ...)
    	  ...)

           The declaration affects both bindings of x. This cannot make any sense
           at all.  I don't have marked which version of this issue passed, but I
           think neither implies this. The most that is implied is that if you
           say this:

           (defun f (x)
    	 ...
    	 (let ((y 'a))
    	  (declare (type float x))
    	  ...)
    	 ...)

           then the declaration applies to variable references within the let-y
           and not to within some larger scope.

           I hope you are wedged, because otherwise the proposal is wedged.

        I also hope I am wedged.  I am taking the liberty of cc'ing this
        to X3J13 so that others can let me know what they think.

        I believe I was confused by this paragraph from proposal
        DECLARE-TYPE-FREE:LEXICAL, passed January 1989:

          This proposal is equivalent to saying that the meaning of a type declaration
          is equivalent to changing each reference to <var> within the scope of the
          declaration to (THE <type> <var>), changing each expression assigned to the
          variable within the scope of the declaration to (THE <type> <new-value>),
          and executing (THE <type> <var>) at the moment the scope of the declaration
          is entered.

        The ambiguity concerns whether in

           (defun f (x)
    	 (declare (type float x))
    	 x     ;reference 1
    	 (let ((x 'a)) ...)
    	   x   ;reference 2
    	   ...)

        the two references are construed to be to the same *variable*.
        (I readily grant that they refer to different *bindings*.)
        I assumed that they were contrued to be the same variable,
        in which case I believe that what I wrote on page 223 of the
        CLtL II draft is a correct conclusion.

    The phrase "within the scope of the declaration" quoted above is
    supposed to be a precisely defined phrase.  The passed cleanup
    issue DECLARATION-SCOPE was supposed to define that phrase.
    Unfortunately, there is a problem: the precise language in version
    2 of the proposal was replaced with much less precise language
    in version 4, which was the version that was voted upon.
    The version 2 language was:

      The scope of a `bound' declaration is exactly the scope of the
      associated lexical variable or function.  If the declaration is
      associated with a special variable, the scope is the scope the variable
      would have had if it had not been special.

      `Free' declarations are scoped as if they appeared in a new LOCALLY form
      which surrounded the entire special form at the beginning of whose body
      the declaration appears.  This is the same as what CLtL p.155 defines to
      be the scope of `pervasive' declarations.

    This answers your question about special variables.  I think that
    for declarations that concern variable or function bindings, but are
    not actually attached to a binding (i.e. are used free), the correct
    scope is the same as the scope of a non-special binding of that name
    surrounding the form to which the binding is attached; the language
    about LOCALLY quoted above is out of date.

    Gurg.  Your example above is misindented.  If you meant

           (defun f (x)
    	 (declare (type float x))
    	 x     ;reference 1
    	 (let ((x 'a))
    	   x   ;reference 2
    	   ...)

    then the scope of the declaration does not include (let ((x 'a)) x ...)
    because type declarations are not "pervasive".  Thus what you wrote
    on p.223 of CLtL is wrong.

    But if you meant

           (defun f (x)
    	 (declare (type float x))
    	 x     ;reference 1
    	 (let ((x 'a)) ...)
    	 x   ;reference 2
    	 ...)

    then the example does not address the question since reference 1
    and reference 2 are clearly both in the scope of the type declaration.

        Now that you have pointed it out, I agree that a more likely
        and more desirable interpretation is that the references are
        considered to be to different variables.  Question: what if x
        had been proclaimed SPECIAL?  Then what would the interpretation be?

    A special declaration should not affect the scope of a type declaration.
    Now, the version of DECLARATION-SCOPING that actually passed does not
    actually say that.  But I don't think any other position is arguable.

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