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## Issue STANDARD-INPUT-INITIAL-BINDING Writeup

    Status:	Passed, Jan 89 X3J13
    Issue:         STANDARD-INPUT-INITIAL-BINDING
    References:    Standard streams (pp. 327-329)
    Category:      CHANGE
    Edit history:  Version 1 by Pierson and Haflich 1/19/87
        	       Version 2 by Pierson 2/29/88
    	       Version 3 by Pierson 5/23/88, per comments by Moon
                   Version 4 by Pierson 5/26/88, clean up
        	       Version 5 by Pierson 6/28/88, simple design per Masinter
        	       Version 6 by Pierson 7/ 5/88, clean up and split issue
    	       Version 7 by Pierson 7/ 8/88, clean up per Pitman
    	       Version 8 by Pierson 7/ 8/88, yet more clean up

    Problem description:

    CLtL requires that *STANDARD-INPUT*, *STANDARD-OUTPUT*,
    *ERROR-OUTPUT*, *TRACE-OUTPUT*, *QUERY-IO*, and *DEBUG-IO* are
    initially bound to synonym streams to *TERMINAL-IO*.  This requirement
    hampers the integration of Common Lisp with many existing and
    potential operating environments.

    For example, a Unix implementation is currently unable to legally
    support Unix standard error output even though Common Lisp defines
    *ERROR-OUTPUT* because *ERROR-OUTPUT* is required to start out bound
    to the same stream as *STANDARD-OUTPUT*.  A workstation environnment
    which provides stream access to windows as an extension is currently
    forbidden to make trace output appear in a separate window by default
    because *TRACE-OUTPUT* is required to start out bound to the same
    stream as *STANDARD-OUTPUT*.

    Proposal (STANDARD-INPUT-INITIAL-BINDING:DEFINED-CONTRACTS):

    A Common Lisp implementation is required to provide the following
    initial streams.  Each initial stream has a specific purpose as
    defined in CLtL.  This proposal redefines the initial bindings of
    the streams and leaves the rest of the CLtL description unchanged.

        *TERMINAL-IO*
        *STANDARD-INPUT*
        *STANDARD-OUTPUT*
        *ERROR-OUTPUT*
        *TRACE-OUTPUT*
        *QUERY-IO*
        *DEBUG-IO*

        	The initial bindings of these variables are undefined except
    	that:
    	    1. They are all initially bound to open streams.
    	    2. The streams must support input and/or output as
    	       indicated by the variable name.
        	    3. None of the standard streams (including *TERMINAL-IO*)
    	       may be directed by synonym streams to another of these
    	       stream variables (except *TERMINAL-IO*), whether
    	       directly or by indirection via some composite stream
    	       such as a two way stream with one of the arms being a
    	       synonym stream.
    	    4. Any or all of these streams may be synonyms for the
    	       common implementation dependent stream.  For example,
    	       in an interactive Common Lisp invocation running on a
    	       character terminal, all of the streams mentioned here
    	       might be synonym streams (or two-way streams to synonym
    	       streams) to a pair of hidden terminal input/output
    	       streams maintained by the implementation.

    	The intent of the above rules is to ensure that it is always
    	safe to bind any of the above variables to another of the
    	above variables without unduly restricting implementation
    	flexibility.

    Examples:

    (PROGN
       (PRINT "Output" *STANDARD-OUTPUT*)
       (PRINT "Error" *ERROR-OUTPUT*))

    In current Common Lisp will write:
        ------
        Output
        Error
        ------

    With proposal *might* write:
        ------
        Output
        ------
        and "Error" appears somewhere else.

    (LET ((*STANDARD-OUTPUT* *DEBUG-IO*))
      ...)

    In current Common Lisp:
        Might cause a circular stream reference if *DEBUG-IO* was
        bound to a two-way stream made up of synonym streams to
        *STANDARD-INPUT* and *STANDARD-OUTPUT*.

    With this proposal:
        Would be guaranteed not to cause a circular stream reference
        unless the initial value of *DEBUG-IO* had been changed to a value
        that did not conform the restrictions in this proposal.  While no
        Common Lisp implementation should do this, a user program might.

    (LET ((*STANDARD-INPUT*  *TERMINAL-IO*)
          (*STANDARD-OUTPUT* *TERMINAL-IO*))
      ...)

    In current Common Lisp:
        Might cause a circular stream reference because *TERMINAL-IO* was
        bound to a two-way stream made up of synonym streams to
        *STANDARD-INPUT* and *STANDARD-OUTPUT*.

    With this proposal:
        Would be guaranteed not to cause a circular stream reference.

    Rationale:

    This proposal attempts to provide a balance between over-specifying
    behavior to the point that Lisp programs can't behave like other
    programs in conventional operating systems and providing enough
    specification that Common Lisp programs can perform portable input and
    output.

    Current practice:

    Lucid binds *TERMINAL-IO* to a special internal stream type.  Franz
    binds *TERMINAL-IO* to a special internal stream type for terminal
    streams which reads from Unix standard input and writes to Unix
    standard output.  KCL binds *TERMINAL-IO* to a standard two-way-stream
    with input from Unix standard input and output to Unix standard
    output.  Symbolics Genera binds *TERMINAL-IO* as appropriate for each
    process, usually to a window for interactive applications or to a
    stream which will conjure an interaction window on demand for
    background tasks.

    Cost to Implementors:

    All implementations will have to change to some degree but the changes
    will probably be simple and localized.  All known implementations
    already support the underlying streams required to implement this
    proposal.

    Cost to Users:

    User code which depends on the strict binding hierarchy in CLtL may
    have to change.

    Cost of non-Adoption:

    It will continue to be difficult or impossible to integrate portable
    Common Lisp progams in conventional operating system environments.
    Many implementations will have to continue to choose between
    conforming to the standard and providing a superior user environment.

    Benefits:

    Implementations will be more able to match their IO behavior to their
    environment and their user's expectations.

    Aesthetics:

    Improved because this area becomes better defined.

    Discussion:

    Moon says that *TERMINAL-IO* (and, by extension, *QUERY-IO*, and
    *DEBUG-IO*) should fail to work in a non-interactive environment where
    nothing like a terminal exists.  This proposal fails to address this.

    Masinter notes that:
        ``In many multi-processing multi-window environments,
          the "initial binding" for *STANDARD-INPUT*, *QUERY-INPUT*
          differs for each process.''

    Pierson and Pitman support STANDARD-INPUT-INITIAL-BINDING:DEFINED-CONTRACTS.

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