rio-0.1.22.0: A standard library for Haskell

Safe Haskell | Safe-Inferred
Language | Haskell2010

RIO.Char

Contents

- Character classification
  - Subranges
  - Unicode general categories
- Case conversion
- Numeric representations
- String representations

Description

Unicode `Char`. Import as:

    import qualified RIO.Char as C

This module does not export any partial functions. For those, see RIO.Char.Partial

Synopsis

- data Char
- isControl :: Char -> Bool
- isSpace :: Char -> Bool
- isLower :: Char -> Bool
- isUpper :: Char -> Bool
- isAlpha :: Char -> Bool
- isAlphaNum :: Char -> Bool
- isPrint :: Char -> Bool
- isDigit :: Char -> Bool
- isOctDigit :: Char -> Bool
- isHexDigit :: Char -> Bool
- isLetter :: Char -> Bool
- isMark :: Char -> Bool
- isNumber :: Char -> Bool
- isPunctuation :: Char -> Bool
- isSymbol :: Char -> Bool
- isSeparator :: Char -> Bool
- isAscii :: Char -> Bool
- isLatin1 :: Char -> Bool
- isAsciiUpper :: Char -> Bool
- isAsciiLower :: Char -> Bool
- data GeneralCategory
  - = UppercaseLetter
  - | LowercaseLetter
  - | TitlecaseLetter
  - | ModifierLetter
  - | OtherLetter
  - | NonSpacingMark
  - | SpacingCombiningMark
  - | EnclosingMark
  - | DecimalNumber
  - | LetterNumber
  - | OtherNumber
  - | ConnectorPunctuation
  - | DashPunctuation
  - | OpenPunctuation
  - | ClosePunctuation
  - | InitialQuote
  - | FinalQuote
  - | OtherPunctuation
  - | MathSymbol
  - | CurrencySymbol
  - | ModifierSymbol
  - | OtherSymbol
  - | Space
  - | LineSeparator
  - | ParagraphSeparator
  - | Control
  - | Format
  - | Surrogate
  - | PrivateUse
  - | NotAssigned
- generalCategory :: Char -> GeneralCategory
- toUpper :: Char -> Char
- toLower :: Char -> Char
- toTitle :: Char -> Char
- ord :: Char -> Int
- showLitChar :: Char -> ShowS
- lexLitChar :: ReadS String
- readLitChar :: ReadS Char

# Documentation

data Char #

The character type `Char` represents Unicode codespace and its elements are code points as in definitions D9 and D10 of the Unicode Standard.

Character literals in Haskell are single-quoted: `'Q'`, `'Я'` or `'Ω'`. To represent a single quote itself use `'\''`, and to represent a backslash use `'\\'`. The full grammar can be found in the section 2.6 of the Haskell 2010 Language Report.

To specify a character by its code point one can use decimal, hexadecimal or octal notation: `'\65'`, `'\x41'` and `'\o101'` are all alternative forms of `'A'`. The largest code point is `'\x10ffff'`.

There is a special escape syntax for ASCII control characters:

Escape | Alternatives | Meaning
--- | --- | ---
`'\NUL'` | `'\0'` | null character
`'\SOH'` | `'\1'` | start of heading
`'\STX'` | `'\2'` | start of text
`'\ETX'` | `'\3'` | end of text
`'\EOT'` | `'\4'` | end of transmission
`'\ENQ'` | `'\5'` | enquiry
`'\ACK'` | `'\6'` | acknowledge
`'\BEL'` | `'\7'`, `'\a'` | bell (alert)
`'\BS'` | `'\8'`, `'\b'` | backspace
`'\HT'` | `'\9'`, `'\t'` | horizontal tab
`'\LF'` | `'\10'`, `'\n'` | line feed (new line)
`'\VT'` | `'\11'`, `'\v'` | vertical tab
`'\FF'` | `'\12'`, `'\f'` | form feed
`'\CR'` | `'\13'`, `'\r'` | carriage return
`'\SO'` | `'\14'` | shift out
`'\SI'` | `'\15'` | shift in
`'\DLE'` | `'\16'` | data link escape
`'\DC1'` | `'\17'` | device control 1
`'\DC2'` | `'\18'` | device control 2
`'\DC3'` | `'\19'` | device control 3
`'\DC4'` | `'\20'` | device control 4
`'\NAK'` | `'\21'` | negative acknowledge
`'\SYN'` | `'\22'` | synchronous idle
`'\ETB'` | `'\23'` | end of transmission block
`'\CAN'` | `'\24'` | cancel
`'\EM'` | `'\25'` | end of medium
`'\SUB'` | `'\26'` | substitute
`'\ESC'` | `'\27'` | escape
`'\FS'` | `'\28'` | file separator
`'\GS'` | `'\29'` | group separator
`'\RS'` | `'\30'` | record separator
`'\US'` | `'\31'` | unit separator
`'\SP'` | `'\32'`, `' '` | space
`'\DEL'` | `'\127'` | delete

Data.Char provides utilities to work with `Char`.

#### Instances

Instances details

Data Char | Since: base-4.0.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Data Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Char -> c Char # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c Char # toConstr :: Char -> Constr # dataTypeOf :: Char -> DataType # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c Char) # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c Char) # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Char -> Char # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Char -> r # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Char -> r # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Char -> [u] # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Char -> u # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Char -> m Char # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Char -> m Char # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Char -> m Char #
Storable Char | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in Foreign.Storable Methods sizeOf :: Char -> Int # alignment :: Char -> Int # peekElemOff :: Ptr Char -> Int -> IO Char # pokeElemOff :: Ptr Char -> Int -> Char -> IO () # peekByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> IO Char # pokeByteOff :: Ptr b -> Int -> Char -> IO () # peek :: Ptr Char -> IO Char # poke :: Ptr Char -> Char -> IO () #
Bounded Char | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Enum Methods minBound :: Char # maxBound :: Char #
Enum Char | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Enum Methods succ :: Char -> Char # pred :: Char -> Char # toEnum :: Int -> Char # fromEnum :: Char -> Int # enumFrom :: Char -> [Char] # enumFromThen :: Char -> Char -> [Char] # enumFromTo :: Char -> Char -> [Char] # enumFromThenTo :: Char -> Char -> Char -> [Char] #
Ix Char | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Ix Methods range :: (Char, Char) -> [Char] # index :: (Char, Char) -> Char -> Int # unsafeIndex :: (Char, Char) -> Char -> Int # inRange :: (Char, Char) -> Char -> Bool # rangeSize :: (Char, Char) -> Int # unsafeRangeSize :: (Char, Char) -> Int #
Read Char | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Read Methods readsPrec :: Int -> ReadS Char # readList :: ReadS [Char] # readPrec :: ReadPrec Char # readListPrec :: ReadPrec [Char] #
Show Char | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Show Methods showsPrec :: Int -> Char -> ShowS # show :: Char -> String # showList :: [Char] -> ShowS #
IsChar Char | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in Text.Printf Methods toChar :: Char -> Char # fromChar :: Char -> Char #
PrintfArg Char | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in Text.Printf Methods formatArg :: Char -> FieldFormatter # parseFormat :: Char -> ModifierParser #
NFData Char |
Instance details Defined in Control.DeepSeq Methods rnf :: Char -> () #
Eq Char |
Instance details Defined in GHC.Classes Methods (==) :: Char -> Char -> Bool # (/=) :: Char -> Char -> Bool #
Ord Char |
Instance details Defined in GHC.Classes Methods compare :: Char -> Char -> Ordering # (<) :: Char -> Char -> Bool # (<=) :: Char -> Char -> Bool # (>) :: Char -> Char -> Bool # (>=) :: Char -> Char -> Bool # max :: Char -> Char -> Char # min :: Char -> Char -> Char #
Hashable Char |
Instance details Defined in Data.Hashable.Class Methods hashWithSalt :: Int -> Char -> Int # hash :: Char -> Int #
Prim Char |
Instance details Defined in Data.Primitive.Types Methods sizeOfType# :: Proxy Char -> Int# # sizeOf# :: Char -> Int# # alignmentOfType# :: Proxy Char -> Int# # alignment# :: Char -> Int# # indexByteArray# :: ByteArray# -> Int# -> Char # readByteArray# :: MutableByteArray# s -> Int# -> State# s -> (# State# s, Char #) # writeByteArray# :: MutableByteArray# s -> Int# -> Char -> State# s -> State# s # setByteArray# :: MutableByteArray# s -> Int# -> Int# -> Char -> State# s -> State# s # indexOffAddr# :: Addr# -> Int# -> Char # readOffAddr# :: Addr# -> Int# -> State# s -> (# State# s, Char #) # writeOffAddr# :: Addr# -> Int# -> Char -> State# s -> State# s # setOffAddr# :: Addr# -> Int# -> Int# -> Char -> State# s -> State# s #
Display Char # | Since: 0.1.0.0
Instance details Defined in RIO.Prelude.Display Methods display :: Char -> Utf8Builder # textDisplay :: Char -> Text #
Unbox Char |
Instance details Defined in Data.Vector.Unboxed.Base
TestCoercion SChar | Since: base-4.18.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.TypeLits Methods testCoercion :: forall (a :: Char) (b :: Char). SChar a -> SChar b -> Maybe (Coercion a b) #
TestEquality SChar | Since: base-4.18.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.TypeLits Methods testEquality :: forall (a :: Char) (b :: Char). SChar a -> SChar b -> Maybe (a :~: b) #
Lift Char |
Instance details Defined in Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax Methods lift :: Quote m => Char -> m Exp # liftTyped :: forall (m :: Type -> Type). Quote m => Char -> Code m Char #
Vector Vector Char |
Instance details Defined in Data.Vector.Unboxed.Base Methods basicUnsafeFreeze :: Mutable Vector s Char -> ST s (Vector Char) # basicUnsafeThaw :: Vector Char -> ST s (Mutable Vector s Char) # basicLength :: Vector Char -> Int # basicUnsafeSlice :: Int -> Int -> Vector Char -> Vector Char # basicUnsafeIndexM :: Vector Char -> Int -> Box Char # basicUnsafeCopy :: Mutable Vector s Char -> Vector Char -> ST s () # elemseq :: Vector Char -> Char -> b -> b #
MVector MVector Char |
Instance details Defined in Data.Vector.Unboxed.Base Methods basicLength :: MVector s Char -> Int # basicUnsafeSlice :: Int -> Int -> MVector s Char -> MVector s Char # basicOverlaps :: MVector s Char -> MVector s Char -> Bool # basicUnsafeNew :: Int -> ST s (MVector s Char) # basicInitialize :: MVector s Char -> ST s () # basicUnsafeReplicate :: Int -> Char -> ST s (MVector s Char) # basicUnsafeRead :: MVector s Char -> Int -> ST s Char # basicUnsafeWrite :: MVector s Char -> Int -> Char -> ST s () # basicClear :: MVector s Char -> ST s () # basicSet :: MVector s Char -> Char -> ST s () # basicUnsafeCopy :: MVector s Char -> MVector s Char -> ST s () # basicUnsafeMove :: MVector s Char -> MVector s Char -> ST s () # basicUnsafeGrow :: MVector s Char -> Int -> ST s (MVector s Char) #
Generic1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) |
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics Associated Types
type Rep1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics type Rep1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) = D1 ('MetaData "URec" "GHC.Generics" "base" 'False) (C1 ('MetaCons "UChar" 'PrefixI 'True) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "uChar#") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (UChar :: k -> Type)))
Methods from1 :: forall (a :: k). URec Char a -> Rep1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) a # to1 :: forall (a :: k). Rep1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) a -> URec Char a #
Foldable (UChar :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Foldable Methods fold :: Monoid m => UChar m -> m # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UChar a -> m # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> UChar a -> m # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> UChar a -> b # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UChar a -> a # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> UChar a -> a # toList :: UChar a -> [a] # null :: UChar a -> Bool # length :: UChar a -> Int # elem :: Eq a => a -> UChar a -> Bool # maximum :: Ord a => UChar a -> a # minimum :: Ord a => UChar a -> a # sum :: Num a => UChar a -> a # product :: Num a => UChar a -> a #
Traversable (UChar :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in Data.Traversable Methods traverse :: Applicative f => (a -> f b) -> UChar a -> f (UChar b) # sequenceA :: Applicative f => UChar (f a) -> f (UChar a) # mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> UChar a -> m (UChar b) # sequence :: Monad m => UChar (m a) -> m (UChar a) #
Functor (URec Char :: Type -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> URec Char a -> URec Char b # (<$) :: a -> URec Char b -> URec Char a #
Generic (URec Char p) |
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics Associated Types
type Rep (URec Char p) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics type Rep (URec Char p) = D1 ('MetaData "URec" "GHC.Generics" "base" 'False) (C1 ('MetaCons "UChar" 'PrefixI 'True) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "uChar#") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (UChar :: Type -> Type)))
Methods from :: URec Char p -> Rep (URec Char p) x # to :: Rep (URec Char p) x -> URec Char p #
Show (URec Char p) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics Methods showsPrec :: Int -> URec Char p -> ShowS # show :: URec Char p -> String # showList :: [URec Char p] -> ShowS #
Eq (URec Char p) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics Methods (==) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool # (/=) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool #
Ord (URec Char p) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics Methods compare :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Ordering # (<) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool # (<=) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool # (>) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool # (>=) :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> Bool # max :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> URec Char p # min :: URec Char p -> URec Char p -> URec Char p #
newtype Vector Char |
Instance details Defined in Data.Vector.Unboxed.Base newtype Vector Char = V_Char (Vector Char)
data URec Char (p :: k) | Used for marking occurrences of `Char#` Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics data URec Char (p :: k) = UChar { uChar# :: Char# }
newtype MVector s Char |
Instance details Defined in Data.Vector.Unboxed.Base newtype MVector s Char = MV_Char (MVector s Char)
type Compare (a :: Char) (b :: Char) |
Instance details Defined in Data.Type.Ord type Compare (a :: Char) (b :: Char) = CmpChar a b
type Rep1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics type Rep1 (URec Char :: k -> Type) = D1 ('MetaData "URec" "GHC.Generics" "base" 'False) (C1 ('MetaCons "UChar" 'PrefixI 'True) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "uChar#") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (UChar :: k -> Type)))
type Rep (URec Char p) | Since: base-4.9.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics type Rep (URec Char p) = D1 ('MetaData "URec" "GHC.Generics" "base" 'False) (C1 ('MetaCons "UChar" 'PrefixI 'True) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "uChar#") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (UChar :: Type -> Type)))

# Character classification

Unicode characters are divided into letters, Data.Char.numbers, marks, punctuation, Data.Char.symbols, separators (including spaces) and others (including control characters).

isControl :: Char -> Bool #

Selects control characters, which are the non-printing characters of the Latin-1 subset of Unicode.

isSpace :: Char -> Bool #

Returns `True` for any Unicode space character, and the control characters `\t`, `\n`, `\r`, `\f`, `\v`.

isLower :: Char -> Bool #

Selects lower-case alphabetic Unicode characters (letters).

Note: this predicate does not work for letter-like characters such as: `'ⓐ'` (`U+24D0` circled Latin small letter a) and `'ⅳ'` (`U+2173` small Roman numeral four). This is due to selecting only characters with the `GeneralCategory` `LowercaseLetter`.

See `isLowerCase` for a more intuitive predicate.

isUpper :: Char -> Bool #

Selects upper-case or title-case alphabetic Unicode characters (letters). Title case is used by a small number of letter ligatures like the single-character form of Lj.

Note: this predicate does not work for letter-like characters such as: `'Ⓐ'` (`U+24B6` circled Latin capital letter A) and `'Ⅳ'` (`U+2163` Roman numeral four). This is due to selecting only characters with the `GeneralCategory` `UppercaseLetter` or `TitlecaseLetter`.

See `isUpperCase` for a more intuitive predicate. Note that unlike `isUpperCase`, `isUpper` does select title-case characters such as `'ǅ'` (`U+01C5` Latin capital letter d with small letter z with caron) or `'ᾯ'` (`U+1FAF` Greek capital letter omega with dasia and perispomeni and prosgegrammeni).

isAlpha :: Char -> Bool #

Selects alphabetic Unicode characters (lower-case, upper-case and title-case letters, plus letters of caseless scripts and modifiers letters). This function is equivalent to `isLetter`.

isAlphaNum :: Char -> Bool #

Selects alphabetic or numeric Unicode characters.

Note that numeric digits outside the ASCII range, as well as numeric characters which aren't digits, are selected by this function but not by `isDigit`. Such characters may be part of identifiers but are not used by the printer and reader to represent numbers.

isPrint :: Char -> Bool #

Selects printable Unicode characters (letters, numbers, marks, punctuation, symbols and spaces).

isDigit :: Char -> Bool #

Selects ASCII digits, i.e. `'0'`..`'9'`.

isOctDigit :: Char -> Bool #

Selects ASCII octal digits, i.e. `'0'`..`'7'`.

isHexDigit :: Char -> Bool #

Selects ASCII hexadecimal digits, i.e. `'0'`..`'9'`, `'a'`..`'f'`, `'A'`..`'F'`.

isLetter :: Char -> Bool #

Selects alphabetic Unicode characters (lower-case, upper-case and title-case letters, plus letters of caseless scripts and modifiers letters). This function is equivalent to `isAlpha`.

This function returns `True` if its argument has one of the following `GeneralCategory`s, or `False` otherwise:

- `UppercaseLetter`
- `LowercaseLetter`
- `TitlecaseLetter`
- `ModifierLetter`
- `OtherLetter`

These classes are defined in the Unicode Character Database, part of the Unicode standard. The same document defines what is and is not a "Letter".

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

    >>> isLetter 'a'
    True
    >>> isLetter 'A'
    True
    >>> isLetter 'λ'
    True
    >>> isLetter '0'
    False
    >>> isLetter '%'
    False
    >>> isLetter '♥'
    False
    >>> isLetter '\31'
    False

Ensure that `isLetter` and `isAlpha` are equivalent.

    >>> let chars = [(chr 0)..]
    >>> let letters = map isLetter chars
    >>> let alphas = map isAlpha chars
    >>> letters == alphas
    True

isMark :: Char -> Bool #

Selects Unicode mark characters, for example accents and the like, which combine with preceding characters.

This function returns `True` if its argument has one of the following `GeneralCategory`s, or `False` otherwise:

- `NonSpacingMark`
- `SpacingCombiningMark`
- `EnclosingMark`

These classes are defined in the Unicode Character Database, part of the Unicode standard. The same document defines what is and is not a "Mark".

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

    >>> isMark 'a'
    False
    >>> isMark '0'
    False

Combining marks such as accent characters usually need to follow another character before they become printable:

    >>> map isMark "ò"
    [False,True]

Puns are not necessarily supported:

    >>> isMark '✓'
    False

isNumber :: Char -> Bool #

Selects Unicode numeric characters, including digits from various scripts, Roman numerals, et cetera.

This function returns `True` if its argument has one of the following `GeneralCategory`s, or `False` otherwise:

- `DecimalNumber`
- `LetterNumber`
- `OtherNumber`

These classes are defined in the Unicode Character Database, part of the Unicode standard. The same document defines what is and is not a "Number".

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

    >>> isNumber 'a'
    False
    >>> isNumber '%'
    False
    >>> isNumber '3'
    True

ASCII `'0'` through `'9'` are all numbers:

    >>> and $ map isNumber ['0'..'9']
    True

Unicode Roman numerals are "numbers" as well:

    >>> isNumber 'Ⅸ'
    True

isPunctuation :: Char -> Bool #

Selects Unicode punctuation characters, including various kinds of connectors, brackets and quotes.

This function returns `True` if its argument has one of the following `GeneralCategory`s, or `False` otherwise:

- `ConnectorPunctuation`
- `DashPunctuation`
- `OpenPunctuation`
- `ClosePunctuation`
- `InitialQuote`
- `FinalQuote`
- `OtherPunctuation`

These classes are defined in the Unicode Character Database, part of the Unicode standard. The same document defines what is and is not a "Punctuation".

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

    >>> isPunctuation 'a'
    False
    >>> isPunctuation '7'
    False
    >>> isPunctuation '♥'
    False
    >>> isPunctuation '"'
    True
    >>> isPunctuation '?'
    True
    >>> isPunctuation '—'
    True

isSymbol :: Char -> Bool #

Selects Unicode symbol characters, including mathematical and currency symbols.

This function returns `True` if its argument has one of the following `GeneralCategory`s, or `False` otherwise:

- `MathSymbol`
- `CurrencySymbol`
- `ModifierSymbol`
- `OtherSymbol`

These classes are defined in the Unicode Character Database, part of the Unicode standard. The same document defines what is and is not a "Symbol".

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

    >>> isSymbol 'a'
    False
    >>> isSymbol '6'
    False
    >>> isSymbol '='
    True

The definition of "math symbol" may be a little counter-intuitive depending on one's background:

    >>> isSymbol '+'
    True
    >>> isSymbol '-'
    False

isSeparator :: Char -> Bool #

Selects Unicode space and separator characters.

This function returns `True` if its argument has one of the following `GeneralCategory`s, or `False` otherwise:

- `Space`
- `LineSeparator`
- `ParagraphSeparator`

These classes are defined in the Unicode Character Database, part of the Unicode standard. The same document defines what is and is not a "Separator".

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

    >>> isSeparator 'a'
    False
    >>> isSeparator '6'
    False
    >>> isSeparator ' '
    True

Warning: newlines and tab characters are not considered separators.

    >>> isSeparator '\n'
    False
    >>> isSeparator '\t'
    False

But some more exotic characters are (like HTML's `&nbsp;`):

    >>> isSeparator '\160'
    True

## Subranges

isAscii :: Char -> Bool #

Selects the first 128 characters of the Unicode character set, corresponding to the ASCII character set.

isLatin1 :: Char -> Bool #

Selects the first 256 characters of the Unicode character set, corresponding to the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set.

isAsciiUpper :: Char -> Bool #

Selects ASCII upper-case letters, i.e. characters satisfying both `isAscii` and `isUpper`.

isAsciiLower :: Char -> Bool #

Selects ASCII lower-case letters, i.e. characters satisfying both `isAscii` and `isLower`.

## Unicode general categories

data GeneralCategory #

Unicode General Categories (column 2 of the UnicodeData table) in the order they are listed in the Unicode standard (the Unicode Character Database, in particular).

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

    >>> :t OtherLetter
    OtherLetter :: GeneralCategory

`Eq` instance:

    >>> UppercaseLetter == UppercaseLetter
    True
    >>> UppercaseLetter == LowercaseLetter
    False

`Ord` instance:

    >>> NonSpacingMark <= MathSymbol
    True

`Enum` instance:

    >>> enumFromTo ModifierLetter SpacingCombiningMark
    [ModifierLetter,OtherLetter,NonSpacingMark,SpacingCombiningMark]

`Read` instance:

    >>> read "DashPunctuation" :: GeneralCategory
    DashPunctuation
    >>> read "17" :: GeneralCategory
    *** Exception: Prelude.read: no parse

`Show` instance:

    >>> show EnclosingMark
    "EnclosingMark"

`Bounded` instance:

    >>> minBound :: GeneralCategory
    UppercaseLetter
    >>> maxBound :: GeneralCategory
    NotAssigned

`Ix` instance:

    >>> import Data.Ix ( index )
    >>> index (OtherLetter,Control) FinalQuote
    12
    >>> index (OtherLetter,Control) Format
    *** Exception: Error in array index

Constructors

UppercaseLetter | Lu: Letter, Uppercase
LowercaseLetter | Ll: Letter, Lowercase
TitlecaseLetter | Lt: Letter, Titlecase
ModifierLetter | Lm: Letter, Modifier
OtherLetter | Lo: Letter, Other
NonSpacingMark | Mn: Mark, Non-Spacing
SpacingCombiningMark | Mc: Mark, Spacing Combining
EnclosingMark | Me: Mark, Enclosing
DecimalNumber | Nd: Number, Decimal
LetterNumber | Nl: Number, Letter
OtherNumber | No: Number, Other
ConnectorPunctuation | Pc: Punctuation, Connector
DashPunctuation | Pd: Punctuation, Dash
OpenPunctuation | Ps: Punctuation, Open
ClosePunctuation | Pe: Punctuation, Close
InitialQuote | Pi: Punctuation, Initial quote
FinalQuote | Pf: Punctuation, Final quote
OtherPunctuation | Po: Punctuation, Other
MathSymbol | Sm: Symbol, Math
CurrencySymbol | Sc: Symbol, Currency
ModifierSymbol | Sk: Symbol, Modifier
OtherSymbol | So: Symbol, Other
Space | Zs: Separator, Space
LineSeparator | Zl: Separator, Line
ParagraphSeparator | Zp: Separator, Paragraph
Control | Cc: Other, Control
Format | Cf: Other, Format
Surrogate | Cs: Other, Surrogate
PrivateUse | Co: Other, Private Use
NotAssigned | Cn: Other, Not Assigned

#### Instances

Instances details

Bounded GeneralCategory | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Unicode Methods minBound :: GeneralCategory # maxBound :: GeneralCategory #
Enum GeneralCategory | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Unicode Methods succ :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory # pred :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory # toEnum :: Int -> GeneralCategory # fromEnum :: GeneralCategory -> Int # enumFrom :: GeneralCategory -> [GeneralCategory] # enumFromThen :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> [GeneralCategory] # enumFromTo :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> [GeneralCategory] # enumFromThenTo :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> [GeneralCategory] #
Generic GeneralCategory |
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics Associated Types
type Rep GeneralCategory | Since: base-4.15.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics type Rep GeneralCategory = D1 ('MetaData "GeneralCategory" "GHC.Unicode" "base" 'False) ((((C1 ('MetaCons "UppercaseLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "LowercaseLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "TitlecaseLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))) :+: ((C1 ('MetaCons "ModifierLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "OtherLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "NonSpacingMark" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "SpacingCombiningMark" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)))) :+: (((C1 ('MetaCons "EnclosingMark" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "DecimalNumber" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "LetterNumber" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "OtherNumber" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))) :+: ((C1 ('MetaCons "ConnectorPunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "DashPunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "OpenPunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "ClosePunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))))) :+: (((C1 ('MetaCons "InitialQuote" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "FinalQuote" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "OtherPunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))) :+: ((C1 ('MetaCons "MathSymbol" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "CurrencySymbol" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "ModifierSymbol" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "OtherSymbol" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)))) :+: (((C1 ('MetaCons "Space" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "LineSeparator" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "ParagraphSeparator" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "Control" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))) :+: ((C1 ('MetaCons "Format" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "Surrogate" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "PrivateUse" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "NotAssigned" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))))))
Methods from :: GeneralCategory -> Rep GeneralCategory x # to :: Rep GeneralCategory x -> GeneralCategory #
Ix GeneralCategory | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Unicode Methods range :: (GeneralCategory, GeneralCategory) -> [GeneralCategory] # index :: (GeneralCategory, GeneralCategory) -> GeneralCategory -> Int # unsafeIndex :: (GeneralCategory, GeneralCategory) -> GeneralCategory -> Int # inRange :: (GeneralCategory, GeneralCategory) -> GeneralCategory -> Bool # rangeSize :: (GeneralCategory, GeneralCategory) -> Int # unsafeRangeSize :: (GeneralCategory, GeneralCategory) -> Int #
Read GeneralCategory | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Read Methods readsPrec :: Int -> ReadS GeneralCategory # readList :: ReadS [GeneralCategory] # readPrec :: ReadPrec GeneralCategory # readListPrec :: ReadPrec [GeneralCategory] #
Show GeneralCategory | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Unicode Methods showsPrec :: Int -> GeneralCategory -> ShowS # show :: GeneralCategory -> String # showList :: [GeneralCategory] -> ShowS #
Eq GeneralCategory | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Unicode Methods (==) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool # (/=) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool #
Ord GeneralCategory | Since: base-2.1
Instance details Defined in GHC.Unicode Methods compare :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Ordering # (<) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool # (<=) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool # (>) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool # (>=) :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> Bool # max :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory # min :: GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory -> GeneralCategory #
type Rep GeneralCategory | Since: base-4.15.0.0
Instance details Defined in GHC.Generics type Rep GeneralCategory = D1 ('MetaData "GeneralCategory" "GHC.Unicode" "base" 'False) ((((C1 ('MetaCons "UppercaseLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "LowercaseLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "TitlecaseLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))) :+: ((C1 ('MetaCons "ModifierLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "OtherLetter" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "NonSpacingMark" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "SpacingCombiningMark" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)))) :+: (((C1 ('MetaCons "EnclosingMark" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "DecimalNumber" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "LetterNumber" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "OtherNumber" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))) :+: ((C1 ('MetaCons "ConnectorPunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "DashPunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "OpenPunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "ClosePunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))))) :+: (((C1 ('MetaCons "InitialQuote" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "FinalQuote" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "OtherPunctuation" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))) :+: ((C1 ('MetaCons "MathSymbol" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "CurrencySymbol" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "ModifierSymbol" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "OtherSymbol" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)))) :+: (((C1 ('MetaCons "Space" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "LineSeparator" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "ParagraphSeparator" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "Control" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))) :+: ((C1 ('MetaCons "Format" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "Surrogate" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type)) :+: (C1 ('MetaCons "PrivateUse" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type) :+: C1 ('MetaCons "NotAssigned" 'PrefixI 'False) (U1 :: Type -> Type))))))

generalCategory :: Char -> GeneralCategory #

The Unicode general category of the character. This relies on the `Enum` instance of `GeneralCategory`, which must remain in the same order as the categories are presented in the Unicode standard.

#### Examples

Expand

Basic usage:

    >>> generalCategory 'a'
    LowercaseLetter
    >>> generalCategory 'A'
    UppercaseLetter
    >>> generalCategory '0'
    DecimalNumber
    >>> generalCategory '%'
    OtherPunctuation
    >>> generalCategory '♥'
    OtherSymbol
    >>> generalCategory '\31'
    Control
    >>> generalCategory ' '
    Space

# Case conversion

toUpper :: Char -> Char #

Convert a letter to the corresponding upper-case letter, if any. Any other character is returned unchanged.

toLower :: Char -> Char #

Convert a letter to the corresponding lower-case letter, if any. Any other character is returned unchanged.

toTitle :: Char -> Char #

Convert a letter to the corresponding title-case or upper-case letter, if any. (Title case differs from upper case only for a small number of ligature letters.) Any other character is returned unchanged.

# Numeric representations

ord :: Char -> Int #

The `fromEnum` method restricted to the type `Char`.

# String representations

showLitChar :: Char -> ShowS #

Convert a character to a string using only printable characters, using Haskell source-language escape conventions. For example:

    showLitChar '\n' s  =  "\\n" ++ s

lexLitChar :: ReadS String #

Read a string representation of a character, using Haskell source-language escape conventions. For example:

    lexLitChar  "\\nHello"  =  [("\\n", "Hello")]

readLitChar :: ReadS Char #

Read a string representation of a character, using Haskell source-language escape conventions, and convert it to the character that it encodes. For example:

    readLitChar "\\nHello"  =  [('\n', "Hello")]